An Analysis Of Paul Robeson s The Power Of Negro Action

TITLE goes here This paper shall proceed as follows; I will begin exploring first the essay by Paul Robeson and highlighting some of the most striking and interesting facets, followed by the chapter from Rhonda Williams where I will explore the connections to the chapter by Robeson, and lastly I will look at the essay from Andrea Friedman, where I will further note interesting facets of the reading as well as create ties to the aforementioned works. Paul Robeson’s chapter â€Å"The Power of Negro Action† is rather straightforward from the outset. Robeson is presenting an empowering piece, which has several subsections relating to the central theme of collectivized action on the behalf of black people. One of the more interesting aspects of this chapter comes from the way in which Robeson calls for black people to use their agency to better their position. From the outset Robeson states, â€Å"I say that Negro action can be decisive. I say that we ourselves have the power to end terror and to win for ourselves peace and security throughout the land† (Robeson, 90). The interesting aspect of this quote is the fact that the paragraph proceeding it establishes the historical precedent of blacks not necessarily enacting the full degree of their agency. However, Robeson’s call proclaiming the power of black agency contrasts this and shows a progression toward the growing sentiments of blacks having more power than dominant society would like to portray. Robeson exclaims that the power thatShow MoreRelatedArt or Propaganda? - a comparison between Alain Locke and W.E.B.Dubois5435 Words   |  22 Pagesliterature we should try to loose the tremendous emotional wealth of the Negro and the dramatic strength of his problems through writing ... and other forms of art. We should resurrect forgotten ancient Negro art and history, and we should set the black man before the world as both a creative artist and a strong subject for artistic treatment. DuBois stated what were to be recurrent themes of the decade of the twenties: the Negro as a producer and a subject of art, and the Negros artistic output asRead MoreRace Film : The Great And Only Essay10250 Words   |  41 Pagesthough some who knew him insist it was ‘Mi-shaw.’ The correct pronunciation of his name is only the beginning of the ambiguities and mysteries associated with Oscar Micheaux† Patrick Mulligan—Oscar Micheaux: The Great and Only: The Life of America s First Black Filmmaker From the very beginning of the early stages in American cinema, African Americans had a presence on the silver screen. The twentieth century created a new era of cinema that consisted of films produced for and targeted to an all-Black

Internet Exercises Appendix Chapter 1 Free Essays

INTERNET EXERCISES APPENDIX Chapter 1: Marketing’s Role in the Global Economy Internet Exercise: Wal-Mart You can check out the on-line shopping experience of Wal-Mart on the Web by going to www. wal-mart. com and clicking on â€Å"Go Shopping. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Exercises Appendix Chapter 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 8. Internet Exercise: ONSALE Auction Supersite The ONSALE Auction Supersite features a number of on-line auctions in which different sellers auction off computer, consumer electronics, and other products to buyers. Visit the web site at www. onsale. com and review an open auction for a consumer electronics product. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this market for sellers? For buyers? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 17. Internet Exercise: World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization is a very important force behind the global move toward free trade, but sometimes there are still disputes. Go to the WTO web site at www. wto. org and find out how the WTO settles disputes. Do you think that this procedure favors the developed nations, the less-developed nations, or neither? Give your thinking. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 22. Chapter 2: Marketing’s Role within the Firm or Nonprofit Organization Internet Exercise: L. L. Bean The L. L. Bean web site (www. llbean. com) offers consumers a lot of information, including information about national parks. Do you think that this helps Bean to build relationships with its target customers? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 40. Internet Exercise: Lilly Lilly, the pharmaceutical company, makes the effort to be socially responsible. To find out more about Lilly’s corporate citizenship, go to the Lilly home page (www. lilly. om) and click on company information and then click on corporate citizenship. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 42. Chapter 3: Focusing Marketing Strategy with Segmentation and Positioning Internet Exercise: McDonald’s McDonald’s has about 22,000 restaurants in 109 countries. Go to its web site, www. mcdonalds. com, and determine what country is its largest market out side the U. S. Do you think it offers more or less opportunity for future growth than the U. S.? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 67. Internet Exercise: Marriott Courtyard by Marriott targets business travelers. Visit the Marriott web site, www. marriott. com, and write down what you think are the qualifying and determining dimensions for a businessperson choosing Courtyard over Marriott’s other hotel options. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 81. Chapter 4: Evaluating Opportunities in the Changing Marketing Environment Internet Exercise: Tupperware If you were a new marketing manager at Rubbermaid, you might be interested in finding out more about Tupperware, an important competitor in some markets. What type of relevant information could you get by going to the Tupperware web site, (www. tupperware. com)? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 101. Internet Exercise: Consumer Reports The Consumer Product Safety Commission sometimes requires auto makers to issue recalls. However, not all consumers learn about the recalls. Go to the Consumer Reports web site (www. consumerreports. com/recalls) and check to see if there has been a recall on a year and model of car or truck that is of interest to you (say, one owned by your family). For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 110. Chapter 5: Demographic Dimensions of Global Consumer Markets Internet Exercise: CIA’s World Factbook Visit the web site for the CIA’s World Factbook (www. odci. gov/cia/publications/factbook) and compare the profile data for Canada and Australia. How are they similar and how are they different? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 133. Internet Exercise: JNCO Revatex grew rapidly when its wide-leg JNCO brand jeans became a hit with teens. Do you think that its web site (www. jnco. com) does a good job appealing to teens? Why? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 138. Chapter 6: Behavioral Dimensions of the Consumer Market Internet Exercise: SRI’s VALS Go to the SRI Internet site (http://future. sri. com), click on VALS, and then click on â€Å"direct to the survey† to review the VALS questionnaire. If you wish, complete the short questionnaire on-line. SRI will provide you with your VALS profile. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 164. Internet Exercise: GAP To make it easier for consumers to visualize how certain fashions will look together, the GAP’s web site (www. gap. com) has a â€Å"get dressed interactive† feature. Go the GAP web site and check out this feature. Do you think that it makes it easier to evaluate a potential purchase? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 173. Chapter 7: Business and Organizational Customers and Their Buying Behavior Internet Exercise: Computer Discount Warehouse At the Computer Discount Warehouse web site (www. cdw. com) a buyer can easily compare the features and prices of competing products. Click on desktop computers and then on the CDW Compare feature to do a comparison of two â€Å"high end† computers from two different manufacturers. How helpful would this analysis be if you were a computer buyer? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 187. Internet Exercise: Thomas Register The Thomas Register has a very comprehensive database of firms at its web site (www. thomasregister. com). Click on search and it will prompt you to register. After you register (it’s free), search by product/service on the keyword welding. How could the information provided by your search help you if you sold a product that was used by firms in the welding industry? How could it help you if you were a buyer looking for a supplier of welding products? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 199. Chapter 8: Improving Decisions with Marketing Information Internet Exercise: Yahoo Assume that your boss has asked you to do a customer satisfaction survey. As part of a situation analysis, you want to get ideas about what others have done in this area. Go to the web site for the Yahoo search engine (www. yahoo. com). In the dialogue box type â€Å"customer satisfaction survey† (include the quote marks) and click on search. Look at some of the web sites identified. How helpful is this ? How could it be improved? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 222. Internet Exercise: Perseus Perseus Development Corporation sells software that allows a user to create on-line questionnaires that can be distributed by e-mail or used on the Internet. To see samples of on-line questions, go to the Perseus web site (www. perseus. com) and then click on Survey Samples. Do you think that it’s more convenient for a consumer to complete a survey on-line or with pencil and paper? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 227. Chapter 9: Elements of Product Planning for Goods and Services Internet Exercise: Procter Gamble Go to the Procter Gamble web site (www. pg. com) and click on PG Products. Find out the brand names of the different shampoos that PG makes. How are the different brands positioned and what target markets do they appeal too? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 259. Internet Exercise: FDA The FDA’s web site has a page on the new food label requirements that proclaims â€Å"grocery store aisles have become avenues to greater nutritional knowledge. Go to that page at Internet address (www. fda. gov/opacom/backgrounders/foodlabel/newlabel. html) and review the actual label requirements. Do you use this information in deciding what products to buy? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 262. Chapter 10: Product Management and New-Product Development Internet Exercise: WebTV A number of software, hardware, and programming firms are workin g on products that deliver Internet information via TV. Explore the WebTV web site (www. webtv. com) to find out about one aspect of this idea. Do you think that many people will be interested in quickly adopting WebTV? How does it stack up when you consider the characteristics of an innovation reviewed above? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 275. Internet Exercise: Marketing Intelligence Service Marketing Intelligence Service, Ltd. is a U. S. -based firm that tracks new consumer packaged goods–both successes and failures. Go to its web site (ourworld. compuserve. com/homepages/mktgintelsvc) and click on the What’s New button and then review its selections for new product innovations of the year. Do you think that these products offer customers superior value, or are they just me-too imitations? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 283. Chapter 11: Place and Development of Channel Systems Internet Exercise: Gateway Gateway is a computer company that uses direct distribution to its customers in the U. S. Go to the Gateway web site (www. gateway. com) and think about how it is organized. Given that Gateway doesn’t use different channels of distribution to reach different types of customers, how does it segment the market? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 301. Internet Exercise: Avon Avon sells cosmetics and other products through independent sales representatives (agents) and also though a catalog (both on-line and printed). Review the Avon web site (www. avon. com). Do you think that Avon’s independent sales representatives would view the web site as competing for their customers’ purchases and a source of conflict or would they think that it helps them promote the product and identify new prospects? Explain your thinking. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 317. Chapter 12: Distribution Customer Service and Logistics Internet Exercise: Virtual Logistics Directory Large corporations often turn to other firms that specialize in logistics–transportation and warehousing services, consultants, developers of computer systems, and the like–to help implement the physical distribution aspects of their marketing strategies. The web site of the Virtual Logistics Directory (www. logisticdirectory. com) lists many logistics specialists and what they do. Go to the web site and select the Integrated Logistics category. Review the descriptions of some of the firms listed, and then pick one. Explain why a large corporation with a logistics problem might seek its help rather than just trying to tackle the problem internally. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 329. Internet Exercise: North Carolina Ports Authority A firm that is just starting to export to international markets may want help figuring out what shipping services are available. The North Carolina Ports Authority’s web site (www. ncports. com) helps provide such information. Go to the web site, select Port Services, and review the different firms and agencies that might be able to provide you with help if you had to ship a large quantity of furniture to the Middle East. Identify an organization from those listed that you might want to contact first, and indicate why. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 334. Chapter 13: Retailers, Wholesalers, and Their Strategy Planning Internet Exercise: INTERSHOP INTERSHOP Communications develops and sells software that companies use to create â€Å"virtual stores† for Internet retailing. For example, it allows a seller to create an on-line catalog that is easy for consumers to use and it has tools for analyzing sales and keeping track of customers. Go to the firm’s web site (www. intershop. com) and select Products. Review the information provided. (If your computer is equipped to view RealVideo video, you might also want to watch the demo. ) Do you think it would be easier for consumers if all Internet sellers used a common system, such as this one, rather than coming up with many different arrangements? Briefly explain your thinking. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 359. Internet Exercise: Fastenal Visit the Fastenal web site (www. fastenal. com). Check out the different aspects of the Fastenal web site. Give examples of ways that the web site is intended to help Fastenal’s customers and suppliers. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 370. Chapter 14: Promotion–Introduction to Integrated Marketing Communications Internet Exercise: Sony Sony produces a very wide variety of products. Does the information available on the web site (www. sony. com) appear to be part of an integrated marketing communications effort? Explain your thinking. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 386. Internet Exercise: Campbell’s Soup Visit the Campbell’s Soup web site (www. campbellsoup. com). Does the web site make it easy for you to get information? Does it make you want to spend more time and get more information? Explain your answer. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 395. Chapter 15: Personal Selling Internet Exercise: Motivating Tape Company The Motivating Tape Company sells various sales training videos. Go to the firm’s web site at www. achievement. com and then scroll down and select Sales Training. Review the list of sales training videos offered. If a sales manager were going to rely on some of these tapes for training people just moving into a sales career, what key areas of sales training would he have to cover by some other approach? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 427. Internet Exercise: Symantec Symantec is the maker of various software products, including ACT! personal management software that is used by many salespeople to organize information about their customers, sales calls, and tasks they need to do. Visit the ACT! web site (www. ymantec. com/act) for information about this product. Give a few specific examples of ways that a salesperson could use ACT! to build better relationships with customers. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 431. Chapter 16: Advertising and Sales Promotion Internet Exercise: NarrowCast Media NarrowCast Media is an Internet firm that provides services for firms that want to advertise on t he Internet and also for web sites that host Internet advertising. Go to its web site (www. narrowcastmedia. com) and read about NarrowCast Media’s various services. Briefly describe the main benefits it provides for advertisers and the main benefits it provides for host sites. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 455. Internet Exercise: Catalina Marketing Catalina Marketing Corporation is a supplier of in store, electronic scanner activated consumer promotions. Go to the Catalina web site (www. catalinamktg. com) and select Manufacturer Solutions, then review information about its Sampling Programs. Briefly describe, in your own words, how the sampling program works and describe a situation in which a manufacturer might find it useful. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 468. Chapter 17: Pricing Objectives and Policies Internet Exercise: International Currency Converter Xenon Laboratories has set up a web site with a system that uses current exchanges rates to convert one country’s currency to another. Go to the web site (www. ausmall. com. au), scroll down to the reference section, and click on International Currency Converter. How much is a $100 U. S. worth now in Thai bhats, British pounds, and German marks? How do those number compare with June of 1998 (See Exhibit 17-6)? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 486. Internet Exercise: ValuPage Catalina, a firm that specializes in targeted sales promotions, set up an on-line system called â€Å"ValuPage. † Consumers can print out a sheet with a list of discounts that sponsoring supermarkets redeem with â€Å"web bucks†Ã¢â‚¬â€œwhich the consumer can then use for any future purchase at the store. Go to the web site (www. supermarkets. com), enter your zip code, and review the system. Do you think this system will be more or less susceptible to fraud than regular coupons? Explain your thinking. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 492. Chapter 18: Price Setting in the Business World Internet Exercise: Sporting Auction Evergreen Information Technology launched an Internet auction site for many different categories of sporting goods. Go to the auction web site (www. sportingauction. com) and review the activities in two auction categories, one for a sport that is in season and another sport that is not. For example, you might compare snowboarding and golfing. Do you think that season makes a difference in the bidding activity? Explain your thinking. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 524. Internet Exercise: Tiffany Tiffany Co. is widely recognized as one of the world’s premiere jewelers. It commands high prices for what it offers. Go the Tiffany web site (www. tiffany. com) and review the different sections. Do you think that the web site communicates superior customer value to the Tiffany target market? Explain your opinion and point to specific aspects of the web site that support your view. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 528. Chapter 19: Implementing and Controlling Marketing Plans: Evolution and Revolution Internet Exercise: BaRaN Systems BaRaN Systems Ltd. has developed a software product called SQC for Excel that works with the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program and makes it easy to do the types of analysis that are useful for quality management. Go to its web site (www. baran-systems. com) and click on the link for SQC for Excel and then at that web page scroll down and look at the â€Å"quick tour† section. What is it about the graphs that makes it easy to see which areas need special attention? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 544. Internet Exercise: Copernicus Copernicus: The Marketing Investment Strategy Group has developed a comprehensive procedure, The Copernican Decision Navigator, that its consultants have used as the basis for performing marketing audits for many major corporations. The procedure determines if the firm is using â€Å"best practices† in planning and implementing its strategies. Go the Copernicus web site (www. copernicusmarketing. com), scroll down to the items under â€Å"about Copernicus,† and select the link for Marketing Best Practices. Review what is involved in the Copernicus procedure. What are the advantages of having outside experts do this sort of audit? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 562. Chapter 20: Managing Marketing’s Link with Other Functional Areas Internet Exercise: Cductive CDuctive offers an on-line service in which the customer selects certain tracts of music and, for a fee, CDuctive will create a custom CD of those selections. Explore the CDuctive web site (www. cductive. com), and then list what you think are the major (1) strengths and (2) weaknesses of its approach. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 578. Internet Exercise: ITW ITW, Inc. has a variety of different businesses that produce different products. Go to the ITW web site (www. itwinc. com) and then select the list of other ITW web sites. After you briefly review the descriptions of ITW’s different web sites, select ITW Brands and study it in more detail. From a cost standpoint, does it make sense to have a unit like ITW Brands? Why or why not? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 581. Chapter 21: Developing Innovative Marketing Plans Internet Exercise: Survey of Buying Power The Survey of Buying Power has an on-line site that is available on a pay-for-use basis. However, a sample section is available without charge. Go to the web site (www. sbponline. com) and select Samples and then select Samples of Site97. Look at the Income Trend Report (and others if you wish). How would this information be helpful to a retail chain that is considering a new facility for this sample market? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 604. Internet Exercise: Maytag Go to the Maytag web site (www. maytag. com) and review the information about the Neptune line. Do you see any indication that the strategy for Neptune is changing from what is described in the case that introduces this chapter? Explain your point of view. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 614. Chapter 22: Ethical Marketing in a Consumer-Oriented World: Appraisal and Challenges Internet Exercise: Ikea Ikea is an innovative furniture company that is using its web site to refine its strategy. It has always relied on information technology to keep costs low by tracking sales at individual stores and using the information to control inventory and reduce shipping costs between the factory, distribution centers, and its massive retail stores. Go to the Ikea web site (www. ikea. com). What else does the web site tell you about Ikea’s strategy? Will the web site help Ikea offer superior value? Explain your answer. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 629. Internet Exercise: Obvious Implementations Obvious Implementations Corp. is a small consulting and manufacturing firm. Go to its web page (www. obviously. com) and then select How to stop junk mail, e-mail and phone calls. Read through the information and, if you wish, follow some of the links to other sites listed. Should it be easier to avoid mail, e-mail, and calls you don’t want? Explain your thinking. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 636. How to cite Internet Exercises Appendix Chapter 1, Essay examples

Oil & Gas Management International Energy Policies

Question: Critically discuss different policy measures that non OPEC member States can take to mitigate the impact of OPECs current trend as an international oil producer cartel? Answer: There was a quite hike in the prices of crude oil in 2013 and 2014 and this price was unusually stable. Brent is the benchmark for crude oil that had been traded internationally which lay between the ranges of $100-155 per barrel. The trend in the oil prices reveal that the stability in the oil prices do not linger for long and tends to be short lived but we can assume that the Brent prices of oil is rather normal. But recently from June 2014 there was a 40% decline in the oil prices. (Strategyand.pwc.com, 2015)This decline in the oil prices is benefiting countries like India but the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) have decided not to reduce their production to raise the oil prices. The situation escalated the problem of declining oil prices. The increased supply of oil has in some way saturated the global oil markets which have ultimately led to the decline in the prices. Ideally, the members countries should have cut down the supplies till the prices start risi ng. Once the oil prices stabilize, then the countries can slightly increase their oil production. In this regard OPEC plays an important role to play by keeping an eye and controlling the dishonest and rogue behavior of the member countries. Now Saudi Arabia had refused to cut down its oil production. Saudi Arabia was going through a phase of nervous politics in which the decision of maintaining the same level of production and increasing the production based on the market demand was out of fear and anxiety to lose its position and share in the global oil markets. (GLOBAL TRENDS IN OIL GAS MARKETS TO 2025, 2015) (THE MONTH IN BRIEF: Lower prices, more oil and some refineries find buyers, 2012) The relationship between the oil, energy and the stream of international politics is somewhat embroiled. We can say that the cynosure of the US is now Iran and Russia. US is trying to tarnish the image of both the nations by playing up with the oil prices. The decline in the oil prices would decrease the amount of foreign capital flow into Russia which will farther weaken the already injured economic situation of Russia. (The Economist, 2014)Russia would require reviewing its foreign policies and salvaging its status. Iran on the other hand had indicted Saudi Arabia for the downfall of the oil prices as it refused to cut down its oil production. This has led to the decrease in the oil revenue of Iran. It can be well anticipated that the US was using and forcing Saudi Arabia to be the reason behind the oil price fall so that Iran can be left with no other option but to sign a nuclear power deal with the US and thereby losing its nuclear capability. (Kent, 2015) China could be the next victim to the decline in the oil price. The decline in oil prices was proving to be benefit for some of the emerging industrialized countries say China. China had plans to incorporate shale gas in order to be self reliant and sufficient in terms of energy. But this rise of power of China may be detrimental to the plans of the US. International companies who would have helped China to set up shale gas were running with low revenues with decreased production and higher cost which led to cropping down their investments on projects initiated like the one in China. Chinas shale gas plan took a seat as for now. The impact that OPEC caused to its member states is damaging and destructive in all ways. OPECs member countries like Libya (FOCUS: Libya starts to rebuild its oil and gas industries, 2011) and Venezuela was affected by the decline in oil price which dampened their economy. In this regard it is inevitable to deny the role of the Non OPEC member states. (Peako il.com, 2015) The slump behavior of oil price would have long lasting impact on the non OPEC countries. It was expected to increase its production but at a slower pace which would cause the companies of the energy of North America to stop making profits. Policies that can be taken by the non OPEC member countries (The Globe and Mail, 2015) are discussed in the context of the US. US can utilize the favorable situation of low oil price and can make energy policy change and reforms like restricting the subsidies spent on fossil fuel, formulating new measures regarding efficiency, establish policies that are beneficial for the economy and attract a line of investors who would help to increase oil production relative to the OPEC in which the revenues can be increased. (Lax, 1983) (Theenergycollective.com, 2015) The countries like North America, regions of the former Soviet Union and the North Sea comprises the Non-OPEC countries which acquires about 60% of the worlds oil production. The International or investor-owned oil companies (IOCs) conducts the oil production in the Non-OPEC countries. It is generally regarded that the Non-OPEC countries are price-takers which means that cannot influence the price by adjusting the production. In this regard, the Non-OPEC countries can produce at full capacity (or have little spare capacity), considering ceteris paribus, low levels of Non-OPEC supply of oil in the market would exert an upward pressure on prices. Thus, the decline in the oil prices can be mitigated in this way where the total global supply of oil would decrease and this would accentuate the call on OPEC. The more the call on OPEC, the more is the rapid influence on the price by OPEC. Also the Non OPEC countries can disrupt their oil production which would reduce the oil supply globally ; this would hike the oil prices. (Eia.gov, 2015) The energy policies are highlighted by several member countries. In the context of decreasing lignite production, the Czech Republic has initiated State Energy Strategy. Germany on the other hand wishes to create awareness regarding the countrys energy policy by implementing progress annual reports. The Responsible Resource Development Plan which is introduced by Canada aims at attaining the government goals by reforming its regulatory system. Netherland initiated to preserve the national interest by introducing a relaxed procedure for the infrastructure of the energy sector. Sweden is depicting as a carbon free economy and plans to launch a fossil fuel free vehicle fleet by the year 2030 and also has focus on the taxation on carbon dioxide emission. USA had previously implemented Climate Action Plan with a view to cut down Green House Gas emission by reducing carbon pollution, initiating preparation regarding climate changes and establish international initiative to combat climate c hange on a global basis and get ready for the impacts. (Energy Policy Highlights, 2015) The implementation of the energy policies is not smooth as it has to face a lot of challenges and overcome them. It is necessary to consider the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and spatial planning, without which there can be complication regard the initiation of the project and policy. Again for smooth execution of the policies an expertise concerning the energy sector need to be involved in the decision making and policy making. In the absence of such expertise, the policy may have to face criticisms. Another challenge that the energy sector faces while preparing policies is that sometimes there is interference regarding the policy framing from the national level which are not welcomed by the local and regional governments. By this there can a clash within the economy and the implementation of the policies can be hampered. While formulating policies incomplete data regarding the international energy prices and consumption of energy in the households, transportation sector and the trading sectors can restrict the policy making process. Some measures can be taken to mitigate these problems. Some of which are appointing an energy expert to enhance the monitoring process, accumulation of accurate statistics by skilled personnel must be hired and measures should be taken to allow smooth coordination between EIA and spatial planning. (Oilandgasuk.co.uk, 2015) One of the complex challenges that the world is facing is the increasing demand for products and the corresponding supply which is the main factor that drives the direction of the situation of the global economy. This increased demand is derived from the increase in the world population and is expected to expand further. This will drive up the demand which the oil companies have to suffice by increasing their production. It is important for the OPEC to consider that economics powerhouses like in China and India are emerging which would create a threat to the other oil exporting nations. The evolution of such powerhouse would affect the demand and supply of oil and gas as they are expected to match up with the developed nations through the per capita energy use. There are also issues concerning environment and geopolitical strife that makes the challenges more complex. One of the far reaching problem faced by the sector is that inexperienced tech savvy fresher will replace the veteran industry worker which will have dual impact on the oil and gas production. (Batovic, 2014) In this regard, there are several other challenges that the oil and gas will have to face. One such problem is the access to the resources. It is estimated that around 80% of the resources of oil and gas are acquired by the National Oil Companies (NOCs) and some of the host governments and are not accessible by the International Oil Companies (IOCs). Another aspect that needs to be catered is the cost of services. The industry requires services in the field of engineering, drilling, constructions and procurement. These require a lot of monetary resources that will initiate huge projects. Not only that new machineries must be implemented for heavy production, what is required in this regard is the appointment of experienced and technically sound professionals that will have the ability to operate and execute the machineries. This would definitely increase the cost of production. Generally the cost of production can be covered up by increased sale or increased price of the product. Ass uming that the stability of the oil prices could never be predicted, hence it cannot be justified that the oil companies can earn revenues accruing to increase in the oil price by covering up the increased cost. (Smead, 2015) Another problem associated with the oil and gas industry is the introduction of new and advanced technologies. There are two sides to this technological upgradation. The first side is explained that there is an urgent need to modernize the sector and increase the rate of production as the population of the world is ever increasing which will increase demand for oil and gas. Another aspect to this advancement is that highly skilled professionals are to be hired who have the capability to run the machines and increase the overall productivity of the sector. All these would drive up the cost of the industry. (Solutions and , 2014) The oil and gas industries can combat the different challenges by setting up and executing production in the most cost effective way. The industry must increase its Barrels of oil equivalencies (BOEs) and Management of Change processes for enforcing safety at the personal level. The crucial mistake that the oil and gas industry is repeatedly committing is there business objective. The industry is busy analyzing the cost of the production of oil and implementing techniques to reduce such costs. The sector is unable to realize that such strategy is applicable and effective when the market conditions are narrow. In the current difficult business scenario the industry must focus on the supply of the assets and scrutinize their accessibility to available markets and ensuring that their presence in these markets are not short lived and they must not get into the price bidding war. Recently, we have seen that the oil prices are lower and the OPEC has out rightly refused to cut down its production aggravating the decreasing oil prices. But it does not necessarily mean that the global oil markets have a dark and gloomy future. The NON-OPEC countries can always mitigate this low oil price by disrupting their oil production and help the oil price to increase. It is the duty and responsibility of the producers and the organizations to implement and adopt policies and strategies that would help to capture and take the advantage of the upcoming reality. References Alramahi, M. (2015).International OIl and GAs Contracts and Deal making. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://unctad.org/en/docs/diaeiia20097a1_en.pdf [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Batovic, (2014).Five political risk factors affecting oil markets in 2014 - Global Risk Insights. [online] Global Risk Insights. Available at: https://globalriskinsights.com/2014/01/five-political-risk-factors-that-will-affect-oil-markets-in-2014/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Energy Policy Highlights. (2015). 1st ed. p.https://www.iea.org/. FOCUS: Libya starts to rebuild its oil and gas industries. (2011).Oil and Energy Trends, 36(10), pp.3-6. GLOBAL TRENDS IN OIL GAS MARKETS TO 2025. (2015). 1st ed. Kent, S. (2015).Falling Oil Prices to Soften Non-OPEC Oil Supply Growth. [online] WSJ. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/falling-oil-prices-to-reduce-supply-from-opec-members-1421322185 [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Lax, H. (1983).Political risk in the international oil and gas industry. Boston: International Human Resources Development Corp. Oilandgasuk.co.uk, (2015).Economics, Energy Policy and Gas - Oil Gas UK. [online] Available at: https://www.oilandgasuk.co.uk/economics.cfm [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Peakoil.com, (2015).IEA Sees Oil-Price Recovery; Cuts 2015 Non-OPEC Output Estimate |Peak Oil News and Message Boards. [online] Available at: https://peakoil.com/consumption/iea-sees-oil-price-recovery-cuts-2015-non-opec-output-estimate [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Smead, R. (2015). Low Oil Prices-Impact on Natural Gas and Associated Industries.Natural Gas Electricity, 31(8), pp.29-32. Solutions, C. and , V. (2014).Facing the Future: Challenges Ahead for the Oil Gas Industry. [online] Clover Global Solutions,LP - Clover One Worldà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚  . Available at: https://c1wsolutions.wordpress.com/2014/01/23/facing-the-future-challenges-ahead-for-the-oil-gas-industry-3/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Strategyand.pwc.com, (2015).2015 Oil and Gas Trends. [online] Available at: https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/perspectives/2015-oil-gas-trends [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. The Economist, (2014). Why the oil price is falling. [online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2014/12/economist-explains-4 [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. The Globe and Mail, (2015).Oils price slump may have lasting impact on non-OPEC countries. [online] Available at: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/energy-and-resources/oils-price-slump-to-have-lasting-impact-on-non-opec-countries/article22692415/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. THE MONTH IN BRIEF: Lower prices, more oil and some refineries find buyers. (2012).Oil and Energy Trends, 37(6), pp.6-7. Theenergycollective.com, (2015).Oil Price Drop and Effect Causes | The Energy Collective. [online] Available at: https://theenergycollective.com/jemillerep/2146151/are-declining-oil-prices-increasing-risks-opec-us-energy-security-or-clean-fuels- [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Eia.gov, (2015).Energy Financial Markets - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). [online] Available at: https://www.eia.gov/finance/markets/supply-nonopec.cfm [Accessed 2 Apr. 2015].

Stand and Deliver Discussion Questions Essays - Film,

Stand and Deliver Discussion Questions What kind of leader is Escalante? In what ways did Escalante (and/or other charac ters) portray Kouzes Posner's Practices of Exemplary Leadership? What role did the school principal play in Escalante's program? Is holding the example of Jaime Escalante up to America and to beginning teachers through the film "Stand and Deliver" a realistic representation of how prospective instructors can be successful in their careers in inner-city public schools? Or , is it an example of why, in inner-city schools and elsewhere, approximately 50% of teachers leave the profession within the first five years? Was Jaime Escalante a true improvement in the system? Or not? Was he an exemplary teacher? Was he a model of change? Or was he a one-of-a-kind flash in the pan? Was h e an example of how change happen s in public schools? An example of why education will not improve, despite the best efforts of the best teachers? Are standout, brilliant teachers like Escalante the answer to a distressed educational system? "Savior" teachers like Olmos's Escalante, Sidney Poitier in "To Sir with Love," (1967) or Michelle Pfeiffer in "Dangerous Minds" (1995) all make for good drama. They sell tickets to the movie theater to moviegoers who wish to be en tertained. But does the exceptional make for good policy when it comes to the everyday exigencies of school reform? Are there thousands of charismatic, highly-skilled, expertly trained, and experienced school teachers ready to imitate Escalante in similar circumstances? Are they r eady to contribute to a qualitative shift in the quality of instruction in struggling schools? Are they willing to work 60 hour weeks giving their all with study sessions before school, visits to student's homes - on their own time? Willing to do it for $40,000 per year? And when success in your job is far from assured? Escalante after all, in real life, found his position and program at Garfield undermined by the jealousies of the teachers' union and school administration second-guessing. Can a talented and dedicated leader thrive over the long-term in the dysfunctional, unprofessional atmosphere which so often typifies the American public school system? Source: http://www.rjgeib.com/biography/inner-city-blues/stand-and-deliver-review.htm

Poison Gas- WWI Essays

Poison Gas- WWI Essays Poison Gas- WWI Essay Poison Gas- WWI Essay In World War One, chemical weapons became popular. Poison gas, such as mustard and chlorine became the number one thing to use. Gas was invented to cause fear to the soldiers the army was fghting. The gas could cause death quickly over a few days which was why poison gas was the most feared of all the soldiers. Poison gas could be used when the soldiers wanted to knock out a large amount of people without having to do much. Gun shots from a machine gun were more common but using the gas put the soldiers in more pain which the army liked. Soldiers would have to put on simple gas masks and if these were unsuccessful, an attack could leave a victim in agony for days and weeks before he finally gave up on his injuries. It was found that the ammonia in the pad neutralized the chlorine. These pads were held over the face until the soldiers could escape from the poisonous fumes. Other soldiers preferred to use handkerchiefs, a sock, a flannel body-belt, dampened with a solution of bicarbonate of soda, and tied across the mouth and nose until the gas passed over (poisongas. rg). This technique however idnt always work. Mustard gas has been said to be a favorite of the US because it could be easily changed into bombs. Mustard gas could produce wounds looking like burns or blisters when they come into contact with the skin. Symptoms showed between 2-24 hours and if they didnt you would know that you werent exposed. Symptoms included: becoming hoarse, skin start to swell, eye pain, sneezing, and coughing. The most common death of being exposed to the mustard gas was lung failure. The only treatments for being exposed to the gas were removal of all of your clothing and having your head because those were mainly the areas that usually got exposed. Most people believe that the Germans were the first ones to use gas, but really it was the French. The French threw grenades that were full of gas at their enemies. The Germans didnt do anything to stop the French from using the gas. The Germans thought it was a good idea so they started using it themselves. The first gas that was used was tear gas but when the soldiers realized that the gas was less severe and didnt do much at all, so the soldiers started using chlorine. The soldiers usually hid in a trench which was a skinny, deep pit surrounded with barbed wire that was used for fghting. The trench was like a wall and protected the soldiers. The gas injured many soldiers, burning their lungs and skin. Trenches didnt provide much protection, which made it an effective weapon. Eventually the gas was banned because the Declaration was signed which objected to the use of deleterious gases. As you can see chemical weapons put a huge impact on World War One soldiers using them in the early 1900s we wouldnt get to learn about it in history oday. CITATION Firstworldwar. com. First World War. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. Poison Gas and World War One. Poison Gas and World War One. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. WW1 Poison Gas. WW1 Poison Gas. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. The Horrific Use Of Poison Gas During World War One Canada at War Forums. The Horrific Use Of Poison Gas During World War One Canada at War Forums. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. How Was Poison Gas Used As A Weapon in World War 1? HubPages. N. p. , n. d. web. 24 Jan. 2013.

Challenges Facing the Field of Organizational Change Management

In the modern day business world, organizations are facing more changes than it has been witnessed ever before. One of the factors that have brought about the rapid change is globalization that has led to an increase in today’s market’s growth and revenue increase. Organizational change management is a field that gives guidelines for preparation, equipping and supporting individuals to be successful in adopting change with the view of driving organizational success and outcomes. However most of the changes and individuals are unique, research has proven that some actions can be taken to influence affected people in their transitions. It is a discipline that provides a structured approach of how individuals can be supported in their organization to be able to successfully transit from their current status to that if the future  (Dyer, 2017). Most precisely, organizational change management is a framework that is aimed at managing the effect of new business processes ch anges in the structure of an organization or enterprise cultural changes. While there are laid approaches towards change management, there also exist several challenges in the same field  (Buchanan, 2014). The primary aim of this paper is to explore the challenges facing the organizational change management field. The exploration will involve a literature review in the challenges facing the field of organizational change management followed by a critique of the same. Different authors have taken an interest in the subject of organizational change management, probably because it is a critical subject that determines how organizations are likely to adapt to changes in their organizations. According to different schools of thought, various challenges are associated in the field. However different authors take different angles in analyzing the challenges, their arguments seem to have a common focal point. According to one school of thought, organizations either change or remain the same. According to the author, one of the challenges in the field of organizational change management is resistance to change. The author argues that people are status quo biased and that they are willing to get low pay struggling to get into a stable organization  (Gioia, 2016). He further argues that resistance to change usually has political motives and that people tend to resist changes whose origin is political adversaries. He argues that people may resist a change directly either through political influence or indirectly through passive aggressive behavior. According to the author, another challenge is an unknown current state. He says that it would be difficult for an architect to repair a building without first looking at the existing blueprints. He claims that most of the organizations often try to change without having a glimpse at their blueprints, something that fuels the complexity of the building’s architecture. This blind move makes it difficult to transition to a future state  (Lewis, 2017). Another challenge is integration. The author likens managing a large organization to repairing an aircraft while it's still on the flight. He says that change is a moving target and therefore implementing a process will change the business processes it supports. He further argues that changing n organizational structure will lead to employee turnover occurring in parallel. He concludes by saying that long-running changes with many integration points are usually prone to failure. Another challenge according to this author is competitive forces. He says that in most of the times organizational change is influenced by external forces such as competition, technological change, market conditions, external threats and economic forces. Organizations may plan to change to respond to external threats. He argues that however if a competitor releases a product that is many years ahead of your product chances are there that you are driven to an extreme pace of change whose likelihood of failure is too high  (De Massis, 2018). According to the same author, another challenge in the organizational change management field is complexity. He says that when organizations develop more complex systems, processes and product change become very challenging to make and therefore complexity of a change is a big barrier. He argues that complex changes need an effective and efficient project, quality, knowledge, risk and change management. He concludes by giving a change management principle that says that one should never tackle a change which is too complex for his organization to manage. According to another school of thought, one of the challenges facing organizational change management is planning. The author argues that without stepwise planning an organizational change would bring about more problems than the benefits it is anticipated to bring. He argues that you need to precisely need to know which changes are to take place and how they’ll occur. Overall, the author advises prior planning of how the change will be executed. According to the same author, another challenge is lack of consensus  (Ololube, 2017). He argues that failing to involve everyone in the corporate changes will lead to increased barriers to the change execution. He advises that a decision to make corporate changes should originate from the top organizational level. He also says that the associated management level staff should be present to be in a position to deal with the challenges otherwise the staff will dissent. Another challenge according to the same author is failing communication. He argues that failing to communicate to all employees in the organization beforoe the change brings about fear and rumors in the entire organization especially if facing major changes such as downsizing or emergence. Communication failure brings about the uncertainty that makes the employees feel that they are not part of the decision  (Pettigrew, 2016). He advises involvement of employees and updating them regarding the plans and progress towards the implementation of the change. Another challenge is employee resistance. He argues that sometimes employees resist change especially when they had become comfortable with the way their organization runs. It is because they have been used to what is expected of them in the organization. He argues that some major changes disrupt the familiarity of the employees thereby making them upset. In this case, the employees are not willing to relearn their jobs or change th e way they used to undertake their duties. That becomes an enorbigmous challenge. He concludes by advising that provision of training for any new responsibilities as well as supporting then will ease the transition. Now, according to another school of thought, one of these challenges is lack of employee involvement. He argues that that is the main and common barrier to effective change management  (Senge, 2015). He argues that most of the employees have a fear towards change and that there is the likelihood that even the most loyal employees would resist the change if they were not involved. He further argues that failing to involve employees in the change execution process lead to fear of the unknown and the lack of desire to support the change which eventually becomes very challenging  (Grosser, 2015). According to the same author, another challenge is lack of effective communication strategy. He argues that in some organizations when some of the top leaders announce a change and assume that people will automatically adjust to the new change which is not the case  (Meyer, 2015). The author argues that this approach is the silliest way to introduce a change and therefore it usually leads to change resistance. He says that employees need to know how the change will affect them as well as how they will be able to adapt it. Another challenge according to this school of thought is bad culture shift planning. The author argues that sometimes the planning team lacks the idea that the change will affect the people. He claims that in most of the times the team concentrates on planning the administrative structure, job responsibilities and work reporting structure ignoring decisions regarding feelings and intuitions. By so doing, that becomes a challenge to change management  (Kiefer, 2014). Another challenge according to this author is an unknown current state. He says that many organizations tend to introduce and to implement a change without assessing and understanding their current blueprint. He suggests that this can be overcome through a full understanding of the current corporate's blueprint before formulating or implementing any change. Another challenge is organizational complexity. He argues that sometimes organizations start developing complex processes, something that makes the process of planning and implementing a change very challenging  (Stensaker, 2015). He argues that these complexities include complex products, processes, and systems which act as change barriers because they are difficult for the organization members to understand. He suggests a solution that an organization can counter this barrier by making use of a quality, diligent and effective change management approach  (Tushman, 2016). He says that it is wise not to tackle a change that is too complex for an organization. He also advises that it is not wise to implement complex changes if the organization does not have the maturity to handle the complex change. According to the literature review conducted above concerning the challenges facing the organizational change management field, it has been evident that different authors have different approaches to the same subject as well as different thoughts and ideas. However, at some point, their arguments have the same baseline. In considering the first author, his arguments are precisely true, and much evidence has been garnered to support the arguments. As seen in the above literature review, the author has come up with the challenges that are facing organizations in the contemporary world. It seems that the author conducted enough research to know what the modern day organizations are facing  (Kuipers, 2015). The explanations provided by the author are valid and convincing. Taking an example, the author said that one of the challenges facing organizational change management is resistance to change. He began by hinting that people are status quo biased and went ahead to prove the same by showing that they can easily opt to get a lower pay to get into a stable organization rather than getting a higher pay in a changing organization. He goes ahead and provides the reason as to why people may resist change and finally illustrates how they resist the change. That is a sure indication of enough pre-conducted research on the study topic. However the author has strong points, he is too brief. The author is dedicated to tackling key points rather than giving full explanations, and this is one of the drawbacks of his piece. According to his principle on complexity barrier, organizations should not tackle complex changes  (Buck, 2015). This principle, however workable, is a discouragement to organizations as it drives that view that some impossibilities in change management are beyond solution  (Kiel, 2014). That is not true, in the business world, every problem has a solution, and therefore the author should have given a solution to the problem rather than arguing for not giving it a trial. The second author has taken the topic at a different angle. He has looked at the challenges of organizational change management from the employee’s point of view rather than the organizational point of view. He has looked at the factors that may make the employees unwilling to adjust to the change such as poor planning, poor communication as well as lack of consensus. The arguments are true and have enough explanations. The author has in fact taken time to deeply explain his arguments so that they can be easily understood. The challenges given by the author apply to organizations in the modern day business world and thus helpful. While his arguments are true and practical, the author should not have looked at the challenges in the employees’ point of view only  (Cameron, 2015). The author should also have looked at the same in the organization perspective such as competitive forces, an unknown current state among others. That would have been more helpful. The third author has not done any research concerning the subject. His arguments are just a copy cut of the first author’s arguments. As seen from the literature review, the same challenges given by the first author are the same challenges given by the third author. The author lacks originality and distortion of initial message in the zeal of attaining uniqueness is evident. His arguments are weak with the usage of offensive words such as â€Å"the silliest approach.† Overall, the author has not introduced anything new on the subject. Change is indisputably one of the hardest things to adapt. This fact poses a major threat to companies wishing to change their structure, systems or operations with the fear that the affected stakeholders may not be willing to accept the change. Many authors have given several challenges, but the bottom line is that employees will hardly accept and adopt changes. However, there is an opportunity to provide solutions for these challenges by proper planning and involving all the affected members. Therefore, organizations should not be afraid of making major changes especially if they bring positive impacts to the company. Buchanan, D., 2014. No going back: A review of the literature on sustaining organizational change. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(8), pp.43-69. Buck, T., 2015. Long-term orientation and international joint venture strategies in modern China. International Business Review, 6(89), pp.58-64. Cameron, E., 2015. Making sense of change management. A complete guide to the models, tools, and techniques of organizational change, 5(7), pp.76-90. De Massis, A., 2018. Counterpoint: How heterogeneity among family firms influences organizational change. Journal of Change Management, 4(9), pp.78-98. Dyer, L., 2017. Studying human resource strategy: An approach and an agenda. Industrial Relations. A Journal of Economy and Society, 45(8), pp.55-78. Gioia, D., 2016. Identity, image, and issue interpretation: Sensemaking during a strategic change in academia. Administrative science quarterly, 59(8), pp.65-84. Grosser, T., 2015. Employee Perceptions of Network Change Following an Organizational Change. In Academy of Management Proceedings. Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor, 5(8), pp.63-85. Kiefer, T., 2014. Feeling bad: Antecedents and consequences of negative emotions in ongoing change. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 4(8), pp.68-75. Kiel, L., 2014. Managing chaos and complexity in government. A new paradigm for managing change, innovation, and organizational renewal, 5(7), pp.65-78. Kuipers, B., 2015. The management of change in public organizations: A literature review. Public administration, 5(7), pp.67-87. Lewis, S., 2017. Appreciative inquiry for change management. Using AI to facilitate organizational development, 4(76), pp.56-89. Meyer, J., 2015. Employee commitment and support for an organizational change: Test of the three?component model in two cultures. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 6(8), pp.53-84. Ololube, N., 2017. Organizational Change Management: Perceptions, Attitude, Application, and Change Management Practices in Nigerian Universities. International Journal of Applied Management Sciences and Engineering, 5(8), pp.5-10. Pettigrew, A., 2016. Studying organizational change and development: Challenges for future research. Academy of management journal, 4(7), pp.57-87. Senge, P., 2015. The dance of change. The challenges to sustaining momentum in learning organizations, 8(45), pp.12-22. Stensaker, I., 2015. Change management choices and trajectories in a multidivisional firm. British Journal of Management, 9(6), pp.61-87. Tushman, M., 2016. Ambidextrous organizations: Managing evolutionary and revolutionary change. California management review, 6(8), pp.56-85.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 3

Case study - Essay Example inhibitory or excitatory) and determine the specific behavior of the receptor. There are four NTs important with reference to alcohol effect and dependence, the excitatory NT glutamate, the inhibitory NT GABA (gamma- aminobutyric acid) & the two NTs involved in the reward process: Dopamine and serotonin. In initial exposure, alcohol induces production of dopamine, which onsets the encoding of these incidences as environment linked memories in cortex of brain. It also influences the excitatory and inhibitory NTs which in absence of alcohol, maintain a balance. Under the influence of alcohol, an important subset of glutamate (N-methyl D-aspartate, NMDA) is inhibited, thus causing inhibition of excitatory impulse.The primary effect of alcohol, however is on NT GABA: its inhibitory effect is enhanced, resulting in suppresing neuronal activity of receptor cell. Here one of the key features of brain comes into play, that is adaptation. Adaptation in the same system, i.e. homologous adaptation results with repeated exposure to alcohol, and thus a tolerance is developed, GABA receptors become less responsive to GABA and higher alcohol concentrations are required to achieve the same level of suppression. Upon withdrawl of alcohol, GABA receptors still remain less responsive and hence resulting in an imbalance in favor of excitatory NT. The situation is further aggravated by the enhanced activity of excitatory NT glutamate, the receptors for which remain elevated even after withdrawl of alcohol. Both these effects have the cumulative effect of hyperexcitability, which leads to craving for alcohol and withdrawl symptoms. Added to this is the hetrologous adaptation of brain, i.e the homeostatic response in one system as result of changes in another system. It is very difficult to discern these changes more so because they are not mutually exclusive. And therefore doubts arise as to which one of these neurochemical pathway is actually responsible for